Polygenic Inheritence

Polygenic inheritance is when an offspring has traits from both parents but mixed together. For example one parent would be tall and the other might be short so the offspring would be average height. The offspring would be a mixture off the tall gene with the short gene therefore causing it to be in between tall and short. In the picture is my mom, dad, and me and as you can see my dad is tall and my mom is short and I am medium height. This shows I got genes from both of them and the traits mixed so I am now medium height.

polygenic inheritence. (2002). Retrieved from http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/evolution/polygen.html

Apical Meristems

An apical meristem is a meristem located at the end of a shoot or a root. They help the shoot or the root grow larger. Apical meristems cause primary growth. They also make other kinds of meristems that make primary tissues for the plant. They are important for plant growth and stability, they also help get good nutrients by helping roots grow to reach areas with more water or nutrients. I took a picture of roots because that is where most apical meristems are found.

Apical meristems. (2011).Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/apical+meristem

Dicot

Dicots are flowering plants with two cotyledons. Their stems grow from deposits from the outside of the seed. The usual examples are trees and shrubs. Their leaves have netlike veins which causes transfering of nutrients, food and water through a mesh like pattern. A peanut is a dicot seed so i figured it would be a good idea to get a picture of peanuts.

dicotyledon. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357598/dicotyledon

Aggregate Fruit

Aggregate fruits are fruits that come from a single flower. They come from one flower and form multiple little fruits. For example strawberries have all little fruits that are all together on one big fruit and come from only one flower. This is why I took a picture of strawberries because it seemed like a good example and a person can se by looking at them the little seed loking things are fruits.

Aggregate fruit. (2011 ). Retrieved from http://www.fruitsinfo.com/aggregate-fruit.php

Multiple Fruit

Multiple fruits are actually a single plant that has a bunch of simple fruits coming from their own flower.When all the little fruits mature they all grow together to form one big fruit. Though the flowers do grow into seperate fruits they later form together to form one larger fruit. Pinapples are an example of multiple fruits.

Multiple fruit. (2011 ). Retrieved from http://www.fruitsinfo.com/multiple-fruit.php

Phloem

Phloem are like the Xylem but instead of transfering water and disolved minerals they move sugars, starches and other types of food through the plants to where it is needed to go. Sap that drips from trees usually comes from the phloem. In trees the phloem is the innermost part of the bark, and in maple trees the phloem can help transfer sugars and things so that syrup can be collected from maple trees. This is why i took a picture of the maple syrup bottle.

Phloem. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.phloem.org/

Petiole

 The petiole is the stem or stalk that attatches the leaf to the plant, in the picture above the petiole attaches the maple leaf to the branch of the tree. Without a petiole a plant would be sessile, which would mean the flower or leaf would grow right out of the plant with no stem. Some flowering plants can be classified by their petiole.

Petiole. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_P/dictionary_petiole.htm

Monocot

Monocots are flowering plants that have seeds with only one embryonic leaf in them. Monocots are said to be "the most important organisms on earth.",economically. They make up some of our most commom foods. Also in tropical countries they are important building materials and some commons foods. Their are also grasses that are monocots, which is why there is a picture of grass above.

The monocots. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/monocots/monocot.html

Sepals

Sepals are the part of a plant that is non-fertile, but is located on the outside of the fertile parts, of a flower, for protection. Sepals also allow the calyx to open, which is the part that protects the bud of a flower. They are usually green and protect the flower forming inside. In the picture of the rose the Sepal can be seen right under the flower.

Sepals. (2011). Retrieved from http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_sepals

Invertebrates

Invertebrates are animals that lack internal skeleton of bones. Some completely lack any skeleton at all like worms(which are in the picture) and jellyfish. Some have hard casings on the outside of them like crabs and lobsters.

Invertebrates. (2011 ). Retrieved from http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/animals/animalindexinv

Polyploidy

Polyploidy is a condition in which an organism cotains more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes. It is extremely common in plants, but for animals it is less common. Most cases for animals polyploidy is found in insects,amphibians, reptiles and fish like the pictured above. There is only one known case in mammals, it is a rat.

Polyploidy. (2011, March 3). Retrieved from users.rcn.com/./Polyploidy.html

Simple Fruit

Simple fruits come from a single ovary that has one or more carpels. They can be either fleshy or dry. Fleshy fruits are common and edible, they're like the fruits a shopper would find at a grocery store, like pome fruits, for example an apple like the one in the picture. Dry fruits can be split into two kinds, dehisecent, which crack open and drop seeds when ripe, and indehiscent, which keep their seeds and do not crack open when ripe.

simple fruit. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545310/simple-fruit

Xylem

Xylem is the part of  the vascular system, in plants, that transfers water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylem also help with mechanical support of stems and mature roots. The tissues of xylem are made of water-conducting cells that are slender and have holes in the center so water can pass. They are important because without them plants and trees could not get proper distribution of water and disolved minerals. In the picture is a tree stump becuase it is said that xylem make up the wood of trees.

xylem. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/650951/xylem

Bryophyte

Bryophyte is any plant that is flowerless or seedless and green. They are simple plants lacking comlex tissue organization. Bryophytes come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, and they live in all different types of places, all over the world. Its three main evolutionary lines are mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. The picture is of a green moss that I found and since moss is a bryophyte I thought this picture would be a good example.

bryophyte. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/82573/bryophyte

Humus

Humus is an organic soil that is made from the decay of plants and decay of animals. It is a good soil for growing other plants. It is very good for growing plants because it gives good nutrients, to the growing plant, and it helps keep moister in so the plant doesn't dry out, or run out of water. Humus is very dark in color an dcan even be used not only to help grow a lawn but also make a lawn look better by adding a dark contrast. in the picture is a gardining pot filled with humus. The soil is dark with white spots just like humus is said to look.
Humus. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.aglabs.com/newletters/humus.html

Mycorrhizae

 Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between fungus and the roots of a plant. They live in a mutualistic relationship where the fugus gains carbohydrates and the plant gains help in recieving water and other nutrients. Mushrooms are a product of Mycorrhizae, which is why i took the picture above. Also plants with a relationship with mycorrhizae are healthy and healthier then a plant without the relationship, they grow better because they are better at taking in water and other nutrients and they are more resistant to harsh weather. mycorrhizae are very good for helping plant growth.   

Askdefine | define mycorrhiza. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://mycorrhiza.askdefine.com/

Epistasis

Epistasis is when one gene’s alleles mask another gene’s alleles of a phenotypic effect. For example a yellow lab has alleles that mask the other alleles that would make the dog either brown or black. 

Lefers, M. (2004, July 26). epistasis. Retrieved from http://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-E/epistasis.html

CAM Plant

CAM plants are plants that have Crassulacean acid metabolism in order to withstand and thrive in more arid conditions. They open their stomata only at night when it is cooler and or more humid then during the hot dry day time. Having the stomata closed during the day prevents water loss and having them opened at night permits CO2 to enter the plant. Also during the day CO2 is released to be used in the Calvin Cycle. These plants use Crassulacean acid metabolism in order to live in hot and dry environments by maintaining a good amount of CO2 at all times. Pineapples are examples of CAM Plants. 

Cam plant. (2008, August 29). Retrieved from http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/CAM_plant

C4 Plant

A C4 Plant is a plant that does not perform the Calvin Cycle until the following is completed in order to maintain good CO2 levels. The plant has CO2 passed through the C4 carbon fixation pathway where it first attaches to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP an enzyme) in the mesophyll cell.  Therefore CO2 and C3 are combined, which makes oxoloacetate, a 4-carbon compound. The C4 is then sent to the bundle sheath cell where the CO2 is freed to enter the C3 pathway. The CO2 enters the calvin cylce, and C3 is sent back to the mesophyl cell. The CO2 that is made is used to make sugars and startches. the C3 that is made is used to make  PEP the enzyme that helps hold CO2 and C3 together
C4 plants are plants that are better in hot temeratures and drought because their stomata do not close to keep water in, which slowly causes O2 to build up and  increase photorespiration leading to unnecessary loss of CO2. Instead they use the C4 pathway and keep a constant flow of CO2. In the picture is corn and corn is an example of a C4 plant.

C4 plant. (2008, August 29). Retrieved from http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/C4_plant

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is when one gene controls multiple phenotypic traits that may or may not be related. It's like a single gene that can cause a disease with many different symptoms.It is one gene that can control the apperance, or other details, of multiple different traits. I took the picture of peas because when Gregor Mendell was studying traits he used pea plants to help him understand things like pleiotropy. 

Pleiotropy. (2008, September 22). Retrieved from http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Pleiotropy